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PLC執行程序的過程分為三個階段,即輸入採樣階段、程序執行階段、輸出刷新階段,PLC的掃描工作過程:
(1)輸入採樣階段。在這一階段中,PLC以掃描方式讀入所有輸入端子上的輸入信號,並將各輸入狀態存入對應的輸入映像寄存器中。此時,輸入映像寄存器被刷斷。在程序執行階段和輸出刷新階段中,輸入映像存儲器與外界隔離,其內容保持不變,直至下一個掃描周期的輸入掃描階段,才被重新讀入的輸入信號刷新。可見,PLC在執行程序和處理數據時,不直接使用現場當時的輸入信號,而使用本次採樣時輸入到映像區中的數據。一般來說,輸入信號的寬度要大於一個掃描周期,否則可能造成信號的丟失。
(2)程序執行階段。在執行用戶程序過程中,PLC按照梯形圖程序掃描原則,一般來說,PLC按從左至右、從上到下的步驟逐個執行程序。但遇到程序跳轉指令,則根據跳轉條件是否滿足來決定程序跳轉地址。程序執行過程中,當指令中涉及輸入、輸出狀態時,PLC就從輸入映像寄存器中“讀入”對應輸入端子狀態,從輸出映像寄存器“讀入”對應元件(“軟繼電器”)的當前狀態。然後進行相應的運算,運算結果再存入輸出映像寄存器中。對輸出映像寄存器來說,每一個元件(“軟繼電器”)的狀態會隨著程序執行過程而變化。
(3)輸出刷新階段。程序執行階段的運算結果被存入輸出映像區,而不送到輸出端口上。在輸出刷新階段,PLC將輸出映像區中的輸出變量送入輸出鎖存器,然後由鎖存器通過輸出模塊產生本周期的控制輸出。如果內部輸出繼電器的狀態為“1”,則輸出繼電器觸點閉合,經過輸出端子驅動外部負載。全部輸出
設備的狀態要保持一個掃描周期。
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